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System Architecture Overview

Introduction​

The ESG Management System is built on a robust, scalable architecture designed to handle comprehensive ESG data management, real-time IoT integration, and enterprise-grade reporting. The system leverages the Frappe framework's proven architecture while extending it with specialized ESG capabilities, IoT integration, and advanced analytics.

Core Architecture Components​

1. Application Layer​

The application layer is organized into specialized modules that handle different aspects of ESG management:

2. Data Model Architecture​

The system implements a comprehensive data model with over 80 specialized DocTypes organized into logical categories:

Environmental Data Models​

  • Energy Management: Energy Consumption, Energy Data, Energy Audit, Energy Efficiency Measures
  • Emissions Tracking: GHG Emissions, GHG Sources, GHG Mitigation Measures, Emission Factor Reference
  • Water Management: Water Consumption, Water Data, Water Sources, Water Quality, Water Discharge
  • Waste Management: Waste Data, Waste Generation, Waste Treatment, Material Waste Management
  • Biodiversity: Biodiversity Initiative, Biodiversity Assessment, Protected Areas, Biodiversity Species Monitoring

Social & Governance Models​

  • Employee Programs: ESG Employee Training, ESG Employee Participation, ESG Employee Awards
  • Community Impact: ESG Community Programs, ESG Community Investments, ESG Community Impact Assessment
  • Governance: ESG Organization, ESG Goals, ESG Performance, Third Party Audit

Integration & Analytics Models​

  • Real-time Data: Realtime Data, ESG Data Source, Data Verification
  • Reporting: ESG Report, ESG Report Entry, ESG Metric Definition, ESG Metric Value
  • Standards Compliance: ESG Standard, ESG Standard Version, ESG Ratings

3. Real-time Data Processing Architecture​

The system implements a sophisticated real-time data processing pipeline:

4. IoT Integration Layer​

The IoT integration layer supports multiple protocols and data sources:

Supported Protocols​

  • MQTT: Native MQTT broker integration for real-time sensor data
  • HTTP/HTTPS: RESTful APIs for device communication
  • WebSocket: Real-time bidirectional communication
  • Batch Import: Bulk data import from SCADA and ERP systems

Data Quality Management​

def check_data_quality(self):
    """
    Comprehensive data quality assessment
    """
    quality_score = 100  # Start with perfect score
    
    # Timestamp validation
    if self.timestamp > now_datetime():
        quality_score -= 30
        self.status = "Suspect"
    
    # Unit consistency checks
    expected_units = {
        "Energy": ["kWh", "MWh", "GWh", "J", "kJ", "MJ", "GJ"],
        "Water": ["m³", "L", "gal", "ML"],
        "Emissions": ["kg", "t", "kg CO2e", "t CO2e"]
    }
    
    # Set quality indicator and status
    self.quality_indicator = max(0, min(100, quality_score))

5. API Architecture​

The system provides a comprehensive API layer with rate limiting and authentication:

API Endpoints Structure​

  • IoT Data Ingestion: /api/method/esg/iot/mqtt, /api/method/esg/iot/bulk
  • Real-time Data Retrieval: /api/method/esg/iot/data
  • ESG Metrics: /api/method/esg_enviroment.api.submit_esg_metric
  • Reporting: /api/method/esg_enviroment.api.get_esg_report
  • Analytics: /api/method/esg_enviroment.api.get_esg_scores

Rate Limiting & Security​

@frappe.whitelist(allow_guest=True)
@rate_limit(limit=100, seconds=300)  # 100 requests per 5 minutes
def receive_mqtt_data():
    """Rate-limited MQTT data endpoint"""
    # Implementation with comprehensive validation

6. Data Flow Architecture​

The system implements a multi-layered data flow architecture:

7. Scalability and Performance​

Horizontal Scaling​

  • Database Sharding: Support for multiple database instances
  • Load Balancing: Distribute API requests across multiple servers
  • Caching: Redis-based caching for frequently accessed data
  • Async Processing: Background job processing for heavy computations

Performance Optimization​

  • Data Aggregation: Pre-computed metrics for faster reporting
  • Indexing Strategy: Optimized database indexes for ESG queries
  • Connection Pooling: Efficient database connection management
  • CDN Integration: Static asset delivery optimization

8. Security Architecture​

Authentication & Authorization​

  • Multi-factor Authentication: Enhanced security for sensitive ESG data
  • Role-based Access Control: Granular permissions for different user types
  • API Key Management: Secure API access for external integrations
  • OAuth2 Support: Industry-standard authentication protocols

Data Protection​

  • Encryption at Rest: Database-level encryption for sensitive data
  • Encryption in Transit: TLS/SSL for all data communications
  • Audit Logging: Comprehensive audit trails for all data changes
  • Data Anonymization: Privacy protection for sensitive information

9. Integration Capabilities​

External System Integration​

  • ERP Systems: SAP, Oracle, Microsoft Dynamics integration
  • Building Management Systems: Real-time facility data integration
  • Environmental Monitoring: Weather stations, air quality monitors
  • Financial Systems: Cost allocation and financial reporting integration

Standards Compliance Integration​

  • SASB Framework: Automated metric mapping and reporting
  • CDP Reporting: Direct integration with CDP submission systems
  • GRI Standards: Comprehensive GRI indicator tracking
  • TCFD Compliance: Climate risk assessment and reporting

Deployment Architecture​

Cloud-Native Design​

  • Containerization: Docker-based deployment for consistency
  • Orchestration: Kubernetes support for container management
  • Microservices: Modular architecture for independent scaling
  • CI/CD Pipeline: Automated testing and deployment processes

High Availability​

  • Redundancy: Multiple server instances for fault tolerance
  • Backup Strategy: Automated backup and disaster recovery
  • Monitoring: Comprehensive system health monitoring
  • Alerting: Real-time alerts for system issues

Conclusion​

The ESG Management System's architecture is designed to provide enterprise-grade ESG data management with real-time capabilities, comprehensive analytics, and seamless integration with existing business systems. The modular design ensures scalability and maintainability while the robust API layer enables extensive customization and integration possibilities.